Mosquito-borne illnesses have reached unprecedented levels this year.
Cases of West Nile Virus, which can lead to paralysis, increased by 40% compared to previous years, with around 770 reported infections, many of which resulted in severe neurological issues.
In Florida, local outbreaks of dengue fever, known for causing severe internal bleeding, have now been confirmed for the second consecutive year.
Globally, experts are issuing warnings about a chikungunya virus outbreak in China that has led to the reintroduction of some Covid-era restrictions. The CDC has responded by recommending travel precautions to prevent the virus from spreading to the US.
There are also growing concerns regarding the possible return of malaria to the US, which can be fatal for up to 30% of untreated cases, as incidents have surged in South America.
Experts shared their increasing worries about the advance of mosquito-related diseases into the US.
Dr. Sharon Nachman, chief of pediatric infectious diseases at Stony Brook Children’s Hospital, observed, “Mosquito-borne diseases have extended their range from the southern regions, and we’re noticing a gradual migration of mosquito populations up the East Coast.”
She emphasized the necessity of public awareness regarding these diseases and their treatments if transmission occurs in new locations.
Additionally, Dr. Louisa Messenger, a global health and environmental expert based in Nevada, noted that her state is contemplating enhancing mosquito control measures due to a significant increase in the mosquito population.
Most people will be bitten by mosquitoes at some point, with experts estimating that over a hundred million bites occur annually in the US. While many bites only result in mild, itchy bumps, some may lead to severe infectious diseases.
Dr. Nachman also advised that if a child experiences unusual behavior or develops a rash post-bite, those symptoms should be brought to a physician’s attention.
To mitigate bites and the risks associated with them, experts have compiled tips for protection.
REPELLENT
There is a wide variety of mosquito repellents available in the US, typically used as sprays on the skin to fend off mosquitoes.
Dr. Nachman recommends choosing formulas that contain DEET, which effectively helps prevent bites from ticks and mosquitoes. For children, it’s suggested to apply repellent to clothes instead of skin to avoid it washing off during play or if they get wet.
For adults, she indicated that applying it to exposed skin areas such as the neck, face, arms, and legs is crucial and should be reapplied every few hours.
Dr. Messenger mentioned that DEET, picardin, or IR3535-based products could be very effective.
These repellents work by masking the natural smell that attracts mosquitoes or repelling them upon contact. Interestingly, mosquitoes are repelled by substances like DEET because they have taste receptors in their feet.
Experts recommend applying repellent during dawn and dusk, when mosquitoes are most active.
Dr. Messenger acknowledged concerns regarding chemical repellents being sticky or leaving residues on clothing, but she reassured that studies back their safety and effectiveness. While some may advocate eating cinnamon or garlic as natural deterrents, she noted these aren’t EPA-approved.
Another option includes using burning coils, which release chemicals that deter mosquitoes. However, experts advise that the most effective non-repellent solution is wearing long-sleeved clothing to cover vulnerable areas.
ZAPPERS AND TRAPPERS
As many enjoy outdoor activities during dusk—another peak time for mosquitoes—zappers can be a useful tool. They draw in mosquitoes using ultraviolet light before eliminating them with an electric shock.
Traps that emit human-like pheromones can also attract and ensnare mosquitoes. Ideally, traps should be set under foliage or near water sources, while zappers work best near gathering spots.
According to Dr. Messenger, these devices can be beneficial, though much depends on the local mosquito population. “They’ll catch some mosquitoes, but it’s unlikely to eliminate them completely from your patio,” she said.
TOPICAL PRODUCTS
For some individuals, using spray repellents can be uncomfortable or cumbersome. That’s where alternative formulations come in; options like lotions or wipes are available.
These alternatives should also be applied to the same areas as spray repellents. Dr. Nachman remarked that while these products might work temporarily, it’s uncertain how long their effectiveness lasts and frequent reapplication may be necessary.
She expressed skepticism, pointing out, “This sounds good in theory, but it might not hold up over time.” Dr. Messenger affirmed that over-the-counter lotions and wipes can work well, advising that applying such products offers solid protection against being bitten.
HOME CARE
There are numerous measures people can take at home to lower their exposure to mosquitoes.
Dr. Nachman emphasized eliminating any stagnant water sources, which serve as breeding grounds for mosquitoes. “Just a bit of stagnant water can lead to a surge in mosquito populations, so dump it out if you find it,” she stated.
Research has shown that even small amounts of water, like those found in a bottle cap, can support mosquito breeding.
It’s also recommended to install net screens on doors and windows, especially in the early morning or dusk when mosquitoes are active. Furthermore, turning on air conditioning in the evening can help as the cooler, drier air makes mosquitoes less active indoors.
