Research suggests the medication for stomach issues such as acid reflux could have a serious impact
Long-term usage of common medications, often taken by many, may elevate the risk of dementia, according to new research. The findings indicate that patients who have been using over-the-counter acid reflux medication for 4.5 years or more experience an increased risk.
The study, published in Neurology, does not definitively state that prolonged use of Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) causes dementia, but rather shows a concerning correlation.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a lasting ailment that leads to the recurrent flow of stomach contents back into the esophagus, which can cause a range of symptoms and complications.
PPIs work by significantly reducing stomach acid production, thus providing relief from issues like heartburn, indigestion, and aiding the healing of stomach and esophageal damage. They are frequently prescribed for acid reflux, stomach ulcers, and as a protective measure against specific medications like anti-inflammatories.
In the UK, PPIs such as Omeprazole and Lansoprazole are prevalent for managing conditions associated with high stomach acid.
Study co-author Kamakshi Lakshminarayan from the University of Minnesota School of Public Health noted, “PPIs effectively manage acid reflux, but their long-term use has been previously associated with increased risks of stroke, fractures, and kidney issues.” While the research noted no connection with short-term use, it did identify a higher dementia risk linked to prolonged use.
The examination of existing studies revealed mixed results regarding the association between PPIs and dementia. This particular study focused on both current and cumulative PPI use, analyzing data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.
While the medication has been linked to various health risks, the authors clarified that this research does not establish causation but rather an observed relationship.
Participants in the study were enrolled from 1987 to 2017, with PPI usage being monitored through medication inventories and annual phone surveys.
The study utilized data from ARIC Visit 5, the first visit where PPI use was notably common, assessing both current and past usage levels to correlate with dementia incidents post-Visit 5.
Over 5,700 individuals aged 45 and older, who initially did not have dementia, participated. The average participant age was around 75. The researchers identified those taking acid reflux medications over the study period.
Out of the participants, 1,490 (26%) reported usage. They were categorized based on their usage duration: non-users, users for up to 2.8 years, those using for 2.8 to 4.4 years, and users for more than 4.4 years.
In total, 585 new dementia cases were identified over an average follow-up period of about 5.5 years, with 10% of participants developing the condition. Among the 4,222 individuals who did not take PPIs, 415 developed dementia, which translated to 19 cases per 1,000 person-years.
The findings revealed that those on PPIs for 4.5 years or longer faced a 33% increased likelihood of developing dementia.
Dr. Lakshminarayan emphasized the need for further research to validate these findings and explore why long-term PPI use might be linked to a heightened dementia risk. While there are alternative treatments for acid reflux—like antacids, maintaining a healthy weight, or modifying eating habits—responses can vary by individual. It’s crucial for patients on PPIs to consult with their healthcare providers before altering their treatment plan, as sudden discontinuation may worsen symptoms.
One limitation of the study is that participants were questioned about their medication use only once a year, relying on estimates for their usage during the intervening time. The researchers could not track over-the-counter PPI usage.
Dr. Lakshminarayan reiterated the importance of consulting a doctor before making any changes, stressing that stopping PPIs abruptly can lead to an escalation of symptoms.
