The increase in viral infections has left numerous travelers ill and led to several fatalities in various popular European destinations.
A rapid risk assessment from the European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (ECDC) reveals significant rises in hepatitis A cases across four countries: Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovakia, from January to May 2025.
In total, the four nations have reported 2,097 hepatitis A cases. Notably, Slovakia has counted 880 cases since it has been grappling with severe outbreaks since 2022. The Czech Republic follows closely with 600 cases and six deaths, according to the ECDC. Hungary has reported 530 cases, while Austria has seen 87.
Hepatitis A is a viral liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV).
The illness primarily spreads through contaminated food and water or close contact with infected individuals. Dr. Marc Siegel, a senior medical analyst, described hepatitis A as a “widely contagious” virus that can swiftly affect food handlers and escalate into serious illness.
Vaccinations are available in two doses, spaced six to twelve months apart. As noted by Siegel, those infected will have lifelong immunity. A titer test can confirm immunity post-vaccination.
Certain groups appear to be more affected, such as the homeless, people who use recreational drugs, or those living in unsanitary conditions, as well as individuals with limited access to healthcare. The ECDC indicates that while adults under 40 are at moderate risk, the risk dramatically escalates for older adults or those with liver diseases.
Symptoms can include fatigue, fever, joint pain, nausea, and loss of appetite. Not everyone will exhibit symptoms, but those who do might also experience dark urine, clay-colored stool, diarrhea, stomach pain, or even yellowing of the skin or eyes.
This outbreak serves as a stark reminder of the potential severity of hepatitis A, particularly among populations with limited healthcare access. There’s a notable need for enhanced outreach, vaccination accessibility for at-risk groups, and improved hygiene measures.
In response to the outbreak, the ECDC emphasizes the importance of investigating transmission pathways, particularly concerning potential food sources, and implementing targeted vaccination programs as part of a post-exposure strategy. Administering the hepatitis A vaccine or immunoglobulin within two weeks of exposure can effectively prevent illness.
