Deaths attributed to “flesh-eating” bacteria are increasing along the southeastern coasts of the U.S. This year, at least five fatalities have been reported in Florida, four in Louisiana, and one in the Outer Banks from infections that lead to necrotizing wounds.
The bacteria responsible, Vibrio vulnificus, thrives in warmer seawater. Florida has logged 16 cases this year, based on health department data, while Louisiana has reported 17 cases—higher than its average in previous years. North Carolina has noted seven cases thus far, with Mississippi citing three infections this year, as confirmed by the respective health departments.
The initial reported deaths in Florida span various counties, including areas from Bay County in the Panhandle to Hillsborough County, home to Tampa, down to Broward County in the southeast and St. Johns County just south of Jacksonville.
This type of bacteria can enter the body through open wounds, leading to the death of surrounding tissue, a serious condition called necrotizing fasciitis. It’s also possible to contract Vibrio vulnificus through contaminated food, especially raw oysters, though it’s unclear how the Florida victims became infected.
The CDC indicates that about one in five people with a Vibrio vulnificus infection may not survive.
Antarpreet Jutla, an engineering professor at the University of Florida, remarked that while these infections are still rare, there’s definitely something unusual happening this year. However, he pointed out that there are many uncertainties regarding the causes behind the increase in infections right now.
“This is certainly not normal,” Jutla stated, noting that early summer hasn’t seen so many cases in quite a long time. He mentioned that Vibrio vulnificus infections often rise following hurricanes. In the past year, Florida recorded a total of 82 cases, which could have been influenced by a notably active hurricane season. The bacteria can persist in floodwaters after hurricanes.
“Something occurred this year that has activated these pathogens more than before,” he suggested.
The current hurricane season is anticipated to be above average, as reported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, which is relevant considering the peak period approaching.
Jutla’s research group is examining heightened levels of plankton and chlorophyll—both indicators related to vibrio—across Florida’s panhandle, which he calls “concerning.”
What is Vibrio vulnificus?
Vibrio vulnificus is one of over 200 species of Vibrio bacteria, according to Rita Colwell, a microbiology professor emerita at the University of Maryland.
Most Vibrio infections aren’t harmful to humans, as Jutla noted, with many affecting only other animals.
However, Vibrio bacteria are responsible for around 80,000 infections in the U.S. annually, with most being gastrointestinal. Only a small fraction, roughly 100 to 200 cases, are specifically due to Vibrio vulnificus. Other Vibrio types, like Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio alginolyticus, typically cause those stomach issues. Additionally, Vibrio cholerae is known for causing the diarrheal disease cholera.
Since Vibrio bacteria prefer warmer waters, they are generally found along the southeastern U.S. coast but have also increasingly been seen in the West Coast, particularly as ocean temperatures rise. Jutla noted that cases have appeared further north in recent years, including in states like New York, Connecticut, and Maryland.
Who is at risk?
Vibrio bacteria can enter the body through open wounds after exposure to salty or brackish water, according to Dr. Norman Beatty, an infectious disease specialist at the University of Florida Health. He pointed out that most cases he has encountered were associated with prolonged time in the water, yet even short exposure could be enough to trigger an infection.
Signs of infection can manifest within just hours, including redness, swelling, and painful “bull’s-eye” blisters. If the infection worsens, it can lead to sepsis, which may be lethal. Symptoms of sepsis include fever, chills, and significantly low blood pressure, as indicated by the CDC.
Those most at risk include individuals with liver cirrhosis, weakened immune systems, and older adults. Vibrio vulnificus infections are treatable with antibiotics.
How to prevent Vibrio infections
To reduce risk, Beatty recommends covering any open wounds before entering the ocean, emphasizing that even a waterproof bandage can suffice.
If someone suspects they have an infection, seeking immediate medical attention is crucial, according to Beatty. Delays in treatment can lead to severe complications. He stressed that timely visits to healthcare providers can make a substantial difference between managing a mild infection and facing serious outcomes.
