The human papillomavirus, or HPV, is responsible for nearly all cervical cancer cases. Fortunately, vaccinations against HPV can significantly lower the chances of developing this type of cancer, along with several others linked to the virus.
Getting vaccinated, paired with regular screenings—and even a new option for at-home testing—is the most effective strategy to minimize the risk of cervical cancer.
“Cervical cancer happens when cells in the cervix grow in an abnormal way,” noted Stephanie Henderson, MD, who leads gynecology at Intermountain Health in the Salt Lake City vicinity. “This abnormal cell growth typically takes several years, offering ample time for early detection and treatment of any irregularities.”
January is observed as National Cervical Cancer Awareness Month.
Cervical cancer ranks as the fourth most prevalent cancer among women globally. In the U.S., over 13,000 women are diagnosed each year, but thanks to advancements in screening techniques and vaccines, that number has fallen significantly over the past five decades.
The vast majority of cervical cancers are induced by HPV—a group of over 200 widely spread viruses. HPV can be found in various body fluids like saliva and semen, but is primarily transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact. It often leads to genital warts and can also infect cells in areas such as the mouth, throat, and anus.
“Historically, around 85% of people, regardless of gender, will encounter HPV at some point in their lives,” Henderson shared. “Thankfully, most individuals clear the virus without facing serious issues. The HPV vaccine is crucial in helping people fend off infections and prevent any progression to precancerous or cancerous stages.”
Recent studies indicate that if cervical cancer is caught early, the five-year survival rate exceeds 90%. Yet, more than half of diagnoses occur at later stages.
Three ways to lower your risk of cervical cancer:
Get the HPV vaccine
The American Academy of Pediatrics advises that both boys and girls receive the HPV vaccine at ages 9 to 12, as it’s most effective when given before any potential exposure to HPV. Over 135 million doses of the HPV vaccine have been safely administered in the United States.
“By vaccinating our children at these suggested ages, we can promote their long-term health into adulthood and provide the best defense against HPV-related cancers later on,” according to Tamara Sheffield, MD, who heads immunization programs at Intermountain Health.
Adolescents and adults can still get vaccinated up to the age of 45. If you haven’t received it yet, consult with your women’s health or primary care provider.
Start Pap smear screenings at age 21
This test screens for abnormal cells in the cervix that could lead to cancer. Women aged 21 to 29 are advised to have Pap smear screenings every three years.
From ages 30 to 65, women can opt for a Pap test every five years, along with HPV testing.
Consider HPV screening at your checkup or via an FDA-approved home test
The U.S. Health Resources and Services Administration recently updated its guidelines for cervical cancer screening, adding a new home-test option.
“There are numerous resources available for preventing cervical cancer, including an FDA-approved HPV test that women over 30 can use at home,” stated Henderson. “We’re thrilled about these home tests, as they can help more women access screenings, but using FDA-approved tests and following the instructions closely is vital for accurate results.”
Check with your healthcare provider regarding the availability of self-swab options in your area, and see if your insurance covers it.
“It’s crucial to follow up with a women’s health specialist regarding your Pap smear or HPV test outcomes, so you know the type and frequency of screenings to expect in the future, based on your age and medical history,” Henderson added.
Who is at risk for cervical cancer?
- Women who smoke nearly double their risk of developing cervical cancer.
- Women who become sexually active before 18 are more susceptible to HPV, as are those with multiple sexual partners.
- Women with a compromised immune system are also at an increased risk of cervical cancer.
For additional details or to find a healthcare provider, refer to Intermountain’s women’s health page.
