Discussions around artificial intelligence often center on its potential to dramatically alter the workforce. But to truly understand its impact on humanity, we need to recognize the dangers posed by AI, especially since it influences children at an early age and remains largely unregulated.
AI may feel like a force that’s somewhat separate from how we parent. Yet, it’s already shaping young minds in significant ways. For instance, it seems that names like “Alexa” are making their way into the vocabulary of infants. Toddlers are increasingly dependent on everyday objects that respond to their voice commands, leading to frustration when they don’t. Recently, a major toy company announced a collaboration with OpenAI, which raises further concerns. Research suggests that young children can form emotional connections with AI chatbots that mimic human interactions, similar to the bonds they build with family and friends.
The speed of innovation in the tech industry is far outpacing research and regulatory efforts. Regrettably, the well-being of children isn’t the priority. Take, for instance, Meta’s chatbot, which is accessible to all ages and can engage in inappropriate conversations, or Google’s plan to introduce an AI chatbot designed for kids under 13, featuring vague disclaimers.
While budget discussions in Congress threaten to delay AI regulations for the next decade, parents appear to be left to navigate yet another vast social experiment involving their kids.
As a pediatrician and researcher focused on brain development, I can’t help but express my concerns. The gap between AI deployment and our understanding of its effects feels alarming. Early childhood is a particularly critical time; these young brains are especially susceptible to external influences. The consequences of mixing AI with developing minds could yield benefits but also surprising risks, particularly regarding cognitive growth.
The detrimental effects of social media on today’s youth have already been noted. Studies consistently reveal concerning trends in teenage brain development related to technology use—altered attention spans, reward pathways resembling addiction, and diminished face-to-face social skills are just a few examples.
While social media offered a false sense of connection, it often leaves youth feeling lonely and uncertain. AI companions, like chatbots, could follow a similar trajectory. The difference now is that the cost may extend beyond mere emotional detachment; it could hinder the very ability to form connections altogether.
There’s even more at stake for our youngest children. Not only are toddlers learning to navigate social interactions similar to teenagers, but they’re also surprisingly adept at it. This distinction is crucial. While technology has transformed social development in adolescents, it risks hijacking the social growth of more vulnerable young children.
To be clear, there are indeed aspects of AI that spark a sense of optimism. I’m hopeful about the possibilities it could offer parents. As a pediatric surgeon with insights into technology’s potential benefits, I see how it might enhance our lives.
A smart wearable device that tracks an infant’s breathing could help a new mom manage postpartum anxiety, or a social robot programmed to converse with toddlers might significantly increase their language experiences, which is beneficial. Exposure to more language interactions could promote the creation of a wealth of neural connections in growing minds, akin to how responsive engagement between parents and children is known to work.
However, there’s a catch. It’s possible that such interventions might not foster brain development at all or, worse, lead them away from establishing human connections.
Initially, one may not see the underlying issues. Many of these tools present themselves as ideal for fostering language and engagement. But in reality, each interaction mediated through AI could be replacing authentic human connections with algorithmic efficiency, ultimately reshaping how children learn to coexist with one another.
This thought keeps me awake at night. My research has underscored how vital genuine attachments are in brain development. Infants have evolved to learn from the rich, imperfect interactions inherent in human relationships—those small delays and complex emotional exchanges that occur even in the simplest scenarios. These ‘flaws’ are not problems in development but essential elements that nurture empathy and resilience.
As we venture forward, it becomes clear that navigating this new chapter in history requires parents to be discerning. It’s not just a matter of making clear-cut decisions regarding AI’s role at home; parents are faced with countless nuanced choices. My advice? Opt for technology that enriches the adult-child dynamic, and stand against anything that might replace that interaction, at least for now. A smart crib that monitors sleep patterns? Great. An interactive teddy bear reading bedtime stories? Probably not a good idea.
But it’s not just about advice. Parents deserve substantial support. This calls for thorough research into how AI affects brain development, along with regulations that prioritize children’s safety over market interests. We need age restrictions, clarity on data usage, and independent evaluations before these tools are introduced into homes and schools.
Every time we substitute AI for human interaction, we risk altering how our children engage with their world. Those youngest minds, still forming their foundations for empathy and trust, are the most susceptible. The choices we make now will determine whether AI serves as a beneficial force in human development or represents a significant threat.
Dana Suskind is the founder and co-director of the Early Learning + TMW Centre for Public Health, as well as the founding director of the Pediatric Cococat Implant Program and a professor at the University of Chicago.
